Usage name: Hyaluronic acid.

INCI: Hydrolyzed Hyaluronic Acid.

Benefits:

Moisturizing, plumping, film-forming, emollient, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, protective, restructuring.

Properties:

Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant: Capable of reducing the production of pro-inflammatory interleukins responsible for the generation of free radicals causing premature aging of the skin.

Film-forming, protective: Strengthen the skin barrier by creating a viscoelastic film on the surface to prevent the water present in the skin from evaporating and to protect it from external agressions.

Moisturizer: Ability to fix up to 1,000 times its weight in water, allowing it to fill intercellular spaces by combining with water molecules.

Restructuring, plumping: Infiltrate the layers of the epidermis to capture and gel water for a plumping effect, in addition to strengthening and stimulating the natural production of hyaluronic acid by fibroblasts by serving as signaling molecules, to attenuate the appearance of wrinkles and plump the skin.

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# CAS Number: 9067-32-7

Hydrolyzed hyaluronic acid is obtained by hydrolyzing high molecular weight hyaluronic acid, which is more soluble than hyaluronic acid. Due to its low molecular weight, it is slowly absorbed by the skin and has a moisturizing effect. It is very similar to ordinary hyaluronic acid. The only difference lies in the name of the processing technique used after harvesting. Ingredient manufacturers isolate hyaluronic acid from animal tissues or harvest it through bacterial fermentation. When they purify hyaluronic acid during processing, they can also hydrolyze it. Hydrolysis is a chemical process that breaks down polymers. When the hyaluronic acid biopolymer is assembled, it is polydispersed. This means there is a wide range of molecular weights/sizes of hyaluronic acid. Ingredient manufacturers can separate hyaluronic acid by size. However, there are ways to make them more monodisperse, all by size. Hydrolysis is a kinetic process in which polymers are broken down by water and other chemicals. Hydrolysis is a kinetic process, meaning the longer it runs, the more the polymer breaks down. This time-controlled reaction means they can more precisely control the size of the hyaluronic acid product they purify. This is an advantage, as manufacturers can sell very narrow ranges of molecular weight/size to formulators and cosmetic brands. So if the ingredient list contains hydrolyzed hyaluronic acid, it means that after being harvested, the hyaluronic acid was reduced to a specific size through hydrolysis. Hydrolyzed hyaluronic acid is typically used in a formulation to produce a form of hyaluronic acid that can penetrate the skin barrier and more deeply hydrate the epidermal layer of the skin. There is some evidence that if hyaluronic acid is small enough, it can penetrate into the dermis. Therefore, as a general rule, lower molecular weight/size hyaluronic acid is used when a cosmetic brand is trying to create a product that will hydrate deeper layers of the skin. It should be noted that hyaluronic acid is likely to be hydrolyzed when added to a water-based formulation. This means it can break down over time. Thus, formulations that start with a high molecular weight may break down into lower molecular weight hyaluronic acid.

Usage name: Hyaluronic Acid.

INCI: Sodium Hyaluronate.

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# CAS Number: 9067-32-7

Sodium hyaluronate is a sodium salt of hyaluronic acid, which forms viscous, colorless, and slightly opalescent gels in water. It promotes scar-free tissue regeneration, makes skin softer and smoother, stimulates cell migration and proliferation, and has great moisturizing properties. It is used as a moisturizing, protective, and gelling ingredient in hydrating, regenerating, and toning cosmetics for face, eyelids, lips, body, and hands. It is used in cosmetics to maintain skin tone and prevent wrinkles. The main difference between hyaluronic acid and sodium hyaluronate is that sodium hyaluronate is more bioavailable, meaning the skin absorbs it more easily than hyaluronic acid. This doesn't necessarily mean it's better than hyaluronic acid, but many skincare products contain both forms so your skin can get maximum benefits. Both hyaluronic acid and sodium hyaluronate are available in different molecular weights for differentiated results (lower molecular weights can penetrate deeper into skin layers, while higher weights give instant results on the surface). According to a 2012 study, the most dramatic change scientists observed in aging skin is the disappearance of sodium hyaluronate, particularly in the upper layer of the skin. So, why do you notice your skin becoming drier over the years and losing its youthful bounce?

Benefits:

Moisturizing, plumping, film-forming, emollient, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, protective, restructuring.

Properties:

Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant: Capable of reducing the production of pro-inflammatory interleukins responsible for the generation of free radicals causing premature aging of the skin.

Film-forming, protective: Strengthen the skin barrier by creating a viscoelastic film on the surface to prevent the water present in the skin from evaporating and to protect it from external agressions.

Moisturizer: Ability to fix up to 1,000 times its weight in water, allowing it to fill intercellular spaces by combining with water molecules.

Restructuring, plumping: Infiltrate the layers of the epidermis to capture and gel water for a plumping effect, in addition to strengthening and stimulating the natural production of hyaluronic acid by fibroblasts by serving as signaling molecules, to attenuate the appearance of wrinkles and plump the skin.

Usage name: Hyaluronic Acid.

INCI: Hyaluronic Acid.

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# CAS Number: 9004-61-9

HYALURONIC ACID AND ITS SALTS is a linear polysaccharide, non-sulfated glycosaminoglycan of animal origin, which is a component of connective, epithelial, and nervous tissues. One of the main components of the extracellular matrix is present in many biological fluids (saliva, synovial fluid, etc.). It plays an important role in cell proliferation and migration and may be involved in the development of malignant tumors. It is produced by certain bacteria (for example, streptococci). The body of a 70 kg person contains an average of about 15 g of hyaluronic acid, of which one-third is transformed daily. It is produced from animal raw materials such as rooster combs and bovine vitreous, and is also synthesized using biotechnological methods. It is a natural gelling agent. HA is an important component of articular cartilage, where it is present in the form of a membrane of each cell (chondrocyte). It is part of the skin, where it participates in tissue regeneration. Excessive exposure of the skin to ultraviolet light causes skin inflammation ("sunburn"), while HA synthesis in dermal cells stops and the rate of decomposition increases. Due to its strong hydrophilicity, it helps maintain normal water balance in skin cells. The biological functions of HA include not only a moisturizing effect but also regenerative, antiviral, bactericidal, and wound-healing activity. It is widely used in modern cosmetic products, usually in the form of its sodium salt - sodium hyaluronate. Emulsions based on this salt have a soft and fine consistency, do not give a greasy feeling, are well tolerated by the skin, moisturize and protect it effectively. In combination with other active ingredients, HA acts synergistically, often enhancing their activity. It can have different polysaccharide chain lengths and, consequently, different molecular weights, which largely determines its properties. Low molecular weight HA molecules penetrate the skin better and faster and provide a rapid moisturizing effect, while medium and high molecular weight HA preparations are intended for long-term hydration. Non-toxic. The related base of HA is called hyaluronate. Since the molecule usually exists in the body in an intermediate polyanionic form, the term hyaluronan is considered more correct. It can be used in "natural" cosmetic products.

Benefits:

Moisturizing, plumping, film-forming, emollient, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, protective, restructuring.

Properties:

Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant: Capable of reducing the production of pro-inflammatory interleukins responsible for the generation of free radicals causing premature aging of the skin.

Film-forming, protective: Strengthen the skin barrier by creating a viscoelastic film on the surface to prevent the water present in the skin from evaporating and to protect it from external agressions.

Moisturizer: Ability to fix up to 1,000 times its weight in water, allowing it to fill intercellular spaces by combining with water molecules.

Restructuring, plumping: Infiltrate the layers of the epidermis to capture and gel water for a plumping effect, in addition to strengthening and stimulating the natural production of hyaluronic acid by fibroblasts by serving as signaling molecules, to attenuate the appearance of wrinkles and plump the skin.

Usage name: Niacinamide, nicotinamide, vitamin PP, vitamin B3, nicotinic acid amide, pyridine 3-carboxylic acid amide.

INCI: Niacinamide.

Benefits:

Soothing, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, astringent, lightening, depigmenting, moisturizing, photoprotective, regenerating, sebostatic, unifying.

Properties:

Antibacterial: Inhibit the growth of Propionibacterium acnes, bacteria involved in the pathogenesis of acné.

Anti-inflammatory: Soothe and calm skin prone to inflammation or redness, in particular by reducing the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Antioxidant: Protect the skin from the attack of free radicals, known to induce the formation of premature signs of aging, by increasing the levels of the cofactors NAD and NADP in cells.

Astringent: Reduce the size of dilated pores to that of origin by reducing the quantity of sebum produced by the sebaceous glands.

Lightening: Blur the appearance of brown spots by inhibiting the transfer of melanin from melanosomes present at the base of the epidermis to neighboring epidermal cells (keratinocytes).

Moisturizing: Reduce transepidermal water loss and maintain moisture content in the skin by strengthening the skin's barrier function supported by increased ceramide production in the stratum corneum and acceleration of keratinocyte différentiation.

Photoprotective: Reduce the incidence of new skin cancers, by increasing the energy of cells irradiated by sunlight, reducing the level of immunosuppression induced by UV radiation and improving DNA repair.

Firming: Reduce the appearance of wrinkles and improve skin elasticity by stimulating the natural production of collagen in the dermis and epidermal proteins (keratin, filaggrin and involucrin).

Sebostatic: Balance excess sebum production, thereby controlling the formation of acne lesions and clogged pores.

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# CAS Number: 98-92-0

Niacinamide is a heterocyclic aromatic amide, one of the forms of vitamin B. Odorless white crystalline powder. A gentle and non-irritating cosmetic ingredient that offers many benefits for improving the appearance of skin, light-damaged skin, and problem skin. The use of N. improves the overall appearance of skin in cases of pigmentation, general skin defects, inflammation, problem skin, softens and smooths skin with wrinkles. It stimulates collagen synthesis and produces ceramides. In cosmetics, N. production - niacinamide salicylate, niacinamide lactate, niacinamide hydroxybenzoate, etc. is used as a conditioning agent.

A form of vitamin B3, it occurs in the body when it absorbs more niacin than needed. The vitamin can be found in various foods such as beans, fish, eggs, and meat.

In cosmetics, niacinamide is used to improve skin tone and texture. Some studies suggest that niacinamide can improve skin elasticity, reduce acne, and possibly rosacea by reducing inflammation. Niacinamide may even increase the effectiveness of sunscreens by strengthening protection against free radicals.

When using niacinamide creams, it's best to start with a small amount to see how the skin reacts as it can cause redness, flaking, always talk to a specialist first.

Niacinamide can be used with other vitamins like vitamin E, C to improve skin radiance.

Usage name: Provitamin B5, D-panthenol, Dexpanthenol, Pantothenol, D-pantothenyl alcohol.

INCI: Panthenol.

Benefits:

Healing, softening, detangling, regenerating, soothing, anti-inflammatory, moisturizing, densifying, hygroscopic.

Properties:

Panthenol, or ProVitamin B5, is an active ingredient commonly used to formulate cosmetic treatments. Easily absorbed by the skin, this derive from pantothenic acid is highly appreciated for its compatibility with many ingredients and its gentleness. Panthenol is also great for reducing feelings of tightness. In fact, it acts as a humectant to retain the water present in the epidermis of the scalp, which minimizes transient water loss (TEWL). Panthenol thus helps maintain the skin barrier, which prevents irritation.

Furthermore, ProVitamin B5 has restorative and healing effects useful for taking care of weakened scalps. Several studies have in fact demonstrated that this active ingredient could stimulate the proliferation of fibroblasts, an important process in the formation of new tissues and the remodeling of wounds. This active ingredient is involved in healing like CXCL1, CCL18 and CYP1B1, thus allowing faster re-epithelialization.

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# CAS Number: 81-13-0

PANTHENOL is a white to cream-colored hygroscopic amorphous powder with a characteristic odor. It is highly soluble in water, alcohols, and less soluble in ethers. It belongs to amide alcohols and has pantothenic acid activity. In cosmetics, D- and D,L-panthenols are used as provitamin B5. It has healing, moisturizing, and smoothing effects.

Usage name: Ascorbic acid, Vitamin C.

INCI: Ascorbic Acid.

Benefits:

Antioxidant, lightening, depigmenting, regenerating, unifying, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, restructuring.

Properties:

Antibacterial: Reduce the appearance and appearance of imperfections (pimples, etc.) by inhibiting the proliferation of bactérie.

Anti-inflammatory: Prevent and reduce redness by inhibiting NF-kB, a transcription factor involved in the immune response and responsible for the activation of a certain number of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Antioxidant: Protect intracellular structures from oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals in the aqueous compartments of the cell by giving up an electron in order to make them stable and less reactive, in addition to playing a role in the regeneration of vitamin E, another antioxidant.

Depigmenting, lightening, unifying: Reduce the visibility of brown spots by inhibiting tyrosinase, an essential enzyme in the synthesis of melanin, then interrupting mélanogenèse.

Regenerating: Improve the appearance and rigidity of the skin by having the ability to trigger the differentiation of kératinocytes.

Restructuring: Bring firmness and suppleness to the skin in order to slow down the appearance of signs of aging by stimulating the fibroblasts of the dermis to intensify the production of collagen, in addition to promoting the synthesis of hydroxyproline, an essential component for the formation collagen fibers.

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# CAS Number: 50-81-7

ASCORBIC ACID - A water-soluble vitamin, one of the most important for the body. It's a powerful antioxidant that increases resistance to negative environmental influences and promotes regeneration processes. It participates in the metabolic processes of connective tissue cells and in the formation of healthy skin. A deficiency in A.A. leads to scurvy, anemia, slow wound healing, and heart failure.

Water-soluble A.A. - The most widespread antioxidant in human skin, which acts in the cell's water space. It helps restore the oxidized form of vitamin E, an effective fat-soluble antioxidant. This is apparently how A.A. exerts a photoprotective effect on the skin. The optimal effect is achieved in combination with vitamin E. In the cell, these vitamins act synergistically, strengthening each other's antioxidant activity. It has been shown that the photoprotective effect of these vitamins taken individually is inferior to their combined effect. L-ascorbic acid, a natural antioxidant synthesized in most plants and animals, is extremely popular in topical preparations. It is primarily interesting in photoaging and lightening products.

It is quite difficult to work with A.A., as products containing it can yellow when exposed to oxygen in the air due to the formation of an oxidation byproduct - dehydroascorbic acid. In cosmetics, vitamin C protects skin from UV rays, promotes collagen synthesis in the skin, accelerates wound healing, and slows aging. It is often used in skin regeneration products and creams for vascular skin disorders. The maximum concentration for subcutaneous absorption reaches 20%, then there is a limit, increasing concentration does not lead to enhancement. Disruption of stratum corneum integrity increases skin permeability and accumulation of A.A. and magnesium ascorbyl phosphate in the skin. Topical application of vitamin C improves collagen synthesis in human skin. Topical application of A.A. increases its concentration in skin structures more effectively than vitamin C derivatives.

Even the use of patches containing 5% L-ascorbic acid solution results in decreased collagen degradation in aging skin. There is evidence of reduced number and size of facial pores through topical application of A.A. The most well-known property of vitamin C is its anti-inflammatory activity, which is used in the topical treatment of acne. The combination of glycolic acid peeling and the rarely used sodium L-ascorbyl-2-phosphate helps fight acne and acne scars. A.A. is part of cosmetic products for oral care - it strengthens gums and teeth.

Usage name: Ceramides.

INCI: CERAMIDE EOS.

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Ceramide EOS (formerly known as ceramide 1) belongs to a larger group of ceramides naturally found in the skin in the form of long lipid (fat) chains. The term 'EO' refers to the type of fatty acid associated with the ingredient, and the 'S' refers to the sphingosine backbone of this ceramide. Healthy skin is composed of 50% ceramides, but when ceramide levels decrease, the skin barrier weakens, making it more vulnerable to external stressors and dehydration. As a skincare ingredient, topical application of ceramide EOS can help fill this gap and restore the skin barrier so it's better protected against external irritants. Ceramide EOS is most effective when combined with other ceramides and repairing ingredients such as fatty acids and cholesterol. Together, these lipid mixtures improve skin hydration, firmness, and elasticity. They also play a signaling role in maintaining healthy skin. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel concluded in 2020 that ceramides are safe in cosmetics under current usage practices. Survey data covered personal care products containing up to 0.01% ceramide EOS. Ceramides used in skincare can be synthetic (i.e., lab-developed) or naturally derived from plants.

Usage name: Ceramides.

INCI: Ceramide NP.

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# CAS Number: 100403-19-8

CERAMIDE ZB ST is a patented formula of water-soluble ceramides with high solution transparency. It is a lipidic substance that helps restore the lipid barrier. A matte yellow paste, soluble in water, with a ceramide content of 20% (in paste form). The ceramides contained in the formula are protected against crystallization and agglomeration, and they are capable of quickly integrating and healing the structure of epidermal lamellae. Functions: protection and restoration of the epidermis lipid barrier, care for damaged or aging skin and hair, skin and hair care. It is recommended for monophasic (aqueous) formulations and emulsions for skin and hair care, with an introduction level of 0.2 to 2%. Ceramide NP, or ceramide 3, acts much more effectively in combination with ceramide 1.

Usage name: Ceramides.

INCI: Ceramide AP.

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Usage name: Collagen Tripeptides.

INCI: Tripeptide-29

Benefits:

Anti-aging, anti-wrinkle, anti-dehydrating, firming, toning, plumping, revitalizing.

Properties:

It is the BEST of collagen, the most powerful and effective collagen currently available on the market.

Tripeptide collagen does not contain any derivative of animal origin or GMO. exceptional results at a very low dose.

First of all, this anti-aging active ingredient has a molecular mass of 285 D, which is extremely small. Consequently, it penetrates the skin very easily, which is an asset.

Its strength is its dual function: An action to resorb wrinkles and firm the skin An action to stimulate collagen production. This is why tripeptide collagen is capable of increasing collagen production by three and densifying the structure of the skin.

Then, the tripeptide collagen is ideal for anti-aging and anti-wrinkle care.Indeed, it tones, firms sagging skin and acts on wrinkles and fine lines.

Finally, tripeptide collagen increases the elasticity and firmness of the skin and helps to reshape the contour of the face.

Usage name: Gluconolactone.

INCI: Gluconolactone.

Benefits:

Keratolytic, moisturizing, photoprotective, solvent, antioxidant, soothing, chelating, anti-inflammatory, preservative.

Properties:

Gluconolactone is an organic acid belonging to the category of polyhydroxy acids (PHAs). It is present in nature, particularly in honey, fruit juices and wine in small quantities. Initially used in food as an additive, it is also widely used as a functional ingredient in cosmetic products. Gluconolactone consists of a lactonic nucleus which, under the hydrolytic action of the moisture of the skin, releases gluconic acid, at the origin of the activity of the molecule. It also has many hydroxyl groups (-OH).

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# CAS Number: 90-80-2

GLUCONOLACTONE is a polyhydroxy acid, an organic carboxylic acid with multiple hydroxyl groups. G. is included in the pentose phosphate energy bypass pathway of living cells, is normally found in the skin, maintains the necessary hydration level, is a natural antioxidant, comparable in activity to ascorbic acid and tocopherol. G. has low irritant power, as the acid group is "hidden" and the molecule does not cause a burning sensation when in contact with the skin. The low irritant potential allows G. to be used on extremely sensitive skin. Good hydration, mild keratolytic effect, and some antioxidant effects make the optimal combination for very dry and sensitive skin. It does not increase skin sensitivity to sun and can be used as part of a complex program including retinoids. Helps restore skin barrier integrity, gently reduces the pH of the acid mantle, thus reducing the activity of serine proteases - destroyers of protein components of corneodesmosomes - and improves barrier properties of the stratum corneum. It is capable of carrying water molecules and, through the mechanism of regulating calcium concentration in the skin, helps stimulate skin lipid barrier restoration processes. G. reduces the effects of UV radiation on the skin but does not promote cell hyperproliferation. It forms chelated complexes with metals, triggers the expression of a number of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors which, in turn, stimulate keratinocyte proliferation and their production of hyaluronic acid. It is useful for problem skin with impaired barrier and defense systems, and it is effective against acne. Corrects symptoms of photoaging, improves skin elasticity by strengthening collagen and elastin.

Usage name: 1,3-Propanediol.

INCI: Propanediol.

Benefits:

Humectant, emollient, soothing, softening, preservative.

Properties:

Emollient: Ability to fill the spaces between dead cells of the stratum corneum to safeguard the lipid barrier and thus reduce its permeability to external aggressive agents.

Humectant: Attract water present in the air and improve the ability to retain moisture in the skin to keep the upper layer of the epidermis hydrated and reduce the signs of aging.

Solvent: Help dissolve other substances.

Usage name: Glycerin.

INCI: Glycerol, Glycerin.

Benefits:

Softening, antibacterial, anti-irritant, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, soothing, healing, humectant, moisturizing, protective, emollient, solvent, lubricating, thickening, keratolytic, plasticizer, photoprotective.

Properties:

Softening: Improve the appearance of the skin by giving it comfort and softness by maintaining a constant level of hydration.

Anti-inflammatory, anti-irritant: Soothe inflamed skin and calm irritation by inhibiting the expression level of certain inflammatory cytokines, reducing the number of immune cells at the site of irritation, and decreasing the speed of blood flow and the diameter of the microvessels.

Antibacterial: Slow down the growth and reduce the population of bacteria and viruses; Healing: Accelerate the healing process of skin wounds by improving the proliferation of epidermal cells.

Moisturizing: Preserve skin hydration and prevent dehydration by attracting and retaining moisture from the surrounding air and the dermis, attributed to its chemical structure rich in hydrophilic hydroxyl groups, and by inhibiting the crystallization in solid form of the lipids of the stratum corneum.

Keratolytic: Promote the degradation of corneodesmosomes, responsible for the cohesion of corneocytes, by modifying the activity of desquamating enzymes.

Plasticizer: Slow down water leaks by strengthening the skin's barrier function by forming a "pseudo-occlusive" film on the epidermis; “Photoprotective”: Potentially protect the skin against X-rays and UV light at 365 nm.

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# CAS Number: 56-81-5

Glycerol is a triatomic alcohol of the 1,2,3-propanethiol type, a viscous liquid, colorless, odorless, with a sweet taste, easily miscible with water and ethanol in all proportions. It is the main constituent of fats of plant and animal origin. It is highly hygroscopic and therefore only used in diluted form. It can absorb up to 40% of the water contained in the air relative to its initial weight. G. is added to cosmetic products (creams and gels) partly to reduce water evaporation. At low concentration, it hydrates the skin, at high concentration (more than 30%), it dries it out and has an antiseptic effect. Plant extracts based on water and glycerin are highly valued. Glycerin is a skin-regenerating component, meaning it is a substance naturally present in the skin that helps establish normal balance and hydration.

Usage name: Vitamin E.

INCI: Tocopheryl Acetate.

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Usage name: Aloe Vera.

INCI: Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice Powder.

Benefits:

Moisturizing, antioxidant, repairing, soothing, regenerating, tightening, protective, purifying, lightening, anti-inflammatory, emollient, healing.

Properties:

Moisturizer: Aloe vera gel behaves like a humectant, that is, it retains water in the superficial layers of the skin. This character is linked to its biochemical composition rich in hygroscopic species and amino acids (histidine, serine, arginine, threonine, glycine), which improve water retention in the epidermis.

Soothing: Aloe vera is a great ally for calming skin redness linked to overexposure to the sun. It also relieves skin prone to itching and irritation of all kinds.

Tensor: Aloe vera gel, both in topical application and ingestion, helps effectively fight against the signs of skin aging. Researchers attribute this property to the presence of acemannan in the gel, a molecule capable of stimulating collagen production.

Usage name: Centella.

INCI: Centella Asiatica Extract.

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Usage name: Acerola.

INCI: Malpighia Punicifolia (Acerola) Fruit Extract.

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Usage name: Benzoic Acid.

INCI: Benzoic Acid.

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Usage name: Monohydrate d'acide citrique, Acide 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylique, Acide 3-carboxy-3-hydroxypentanedioïque.

INCI: Citric Acid.

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• WEINRAUB S. T. & al. Journal of Natural Products (1996).
• BITON A. & al. Journal of Dermatological Treatment (1994-1999).
• T'ypology.
• DAL'BELO S. E. & al. Skin Research and Technology (2006-2009).
• A'roma-Zone.
• VAN RENSBURG & al. Inflammopharmacology (2015).
• BOISSY R.E. & al. British Journal of Dermatology (2002-2004).
• SafetyMakeUp.
• KREFT D. & al. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology (2014).
• &CO.ETC

''The properties, indications and methods of use above are quotes from reference books or websites for cosmetics, dermatology, skin care or aromatherapy. This general information is given for informational purposes only and cannot in any way constitute medical information. This information can in no way replace a diagnosis, consultation or medical follow-up, not engage our liability. ''